当德国政府决定为12吨以上（包括12吨）的汽车制定新的
高速公路收费制度时，他们需要突破一些限制才能使之
成为世界上最现代化的收费系统。
首先，该收费系统必须识别现有的收费高速公道路网（目前，
德国的公路总长大约为12000公里），而且只在道路网内收费。而
且，随着新高速公路的建成通车，道路网必须能很容易地进行相应的
扩展。
同时，它还必须是一个自由通畅的系统，即在收费的同时不引起
交通中断和堵塞。这就需要一个双重的系统，既可以采用自动记帐也
可以进行手动缴费，以保证所有的卡车驾驶员都能平等地使用收费的
路段，而不会存在任何区别。而且，一旦自动系统出现故障，手动系
统必须能担负起所有登记车辆的收费任务。
政府希望能通过将污染等级以及车轮数量等因素纳入计费系统来
When the German government chose to install a new
motorway toll for vehicles of 12 tonnes and over, it
had certain provisos that needed to be met before
creating the world’s most modern toll system.
The toll system needed to recognise a fixed toll road
network (there are about 12,000km of motorways in Germany
currently) and only charge tolls there. As new motorways
are built, the road network would, moreover, need to easily
expand accordingly.
It needed to be a free flow system, which charges toll
without causing stops and traffic jams. This required a dual
system with automatic and manual-booking alternatives to
ensure that all truck drivers can use the toll road system without
确立环境政策。政府还希望能为其它计费方法的引进，如按行驶时间
和地区计费等提供技术支持。此外，收费系统在技术上应首先满足对
欧洲未来将要安装的其它先进系统提供支持的要求。
要求如此苛刻，新系统未能在最初的期限内建成也就不足为怪
了。卫星导航与移动和固定网络通信之间错综复杂的相互关系、以
及计费系统方面所面临的技术难题目前已经解决。 这个称为“LKWMAUT”，
基于GPS的新收费系统，自2005年1月建立以来一直顺利运
行，并引起了世界各国政府的重视。
该系统在一个常规的，禁止所有卡车在德国公路上通行的周
末开始启动。尽管很多人担心周一早晨繁忙的交通会因卡车司机
的手忙脚乱而陷入交通堵塞和瘫痪，事实证明这是一个完美的开
始。“系统各方面都毫无瑕疵，”德国联邦交通、建筑和住房部的
发言人Felix Stenschke 说。
of the transition to the new system. The federal Minister of
Transport, Manfred Stolpe, was quick to point out the readiness
of foreign drivers to embrace the new system, thanks largely to
the degree of training undergone by truckers in advance.
The successful launch was also facilitated by measures
taken by the Toll Collect Consortium, which deployed
thousands of ‘toll helpers’ to assist drivers, make the log-on
processes as quick as possible and reduce waiting time at the
terminals. A set of instructions made up entirely of illustrations
and pictograms helps drivers understand the message without
words, while information about the system is also available in
23 languages.
T-Systems, a subsidiary of Deutsche Telecom, are the general
该收费系统由Toll Collect 的公司创建并管理。该公司是由戴
姆勒·克莱斯勒（持45%股份，原控股方）、德国电信集团（持45%股
份，现控股方）和法国高速公路运营商电子路政（持10%股份）共同
成立的合伙制公司。
德国拥有欧洲最繁忙的高速公路，目前的平均收费率为每公里
0.125欧元（合人民币0.16元）。由于地处欧洲中心，德国的高速公
路系统吸引了来自欧洲各国的大量车流。德国的高速公路上行驶的卡
车中约有三分之一来自国外，这使新旧系统的过渡变得更为复杂。
然而不久以后，德国联邦交通部部长Manfred Stolpe 就指出，外国
的驾驶员很快就会适应新系统，这在很大程度上归功于卡车司机之前
所接受的培训。
系统的成功启动也是Toll Collect联盟公司一系列有效措施的结
果，例如公司派出了数千名“缴费帮手“协助驾驶员尽快登录系统并
缩短了他们在系统各终端的等候时间。驾驶员可以通过一套没有任何
文字，全部由插图和象形图表组成的说明书，了解该系统，同时该系
统的资料也被译成23种语言。
德国电信集团的子公司T-Systems公司是总承包商，负责系
统架构、有线网络基础设施和程序部分；T-Mobile公司和沃达丰
（Vodafone）公司负责项目的GSM无线通信部分。
与传统方法不同，T-Systems公司研发的道路收费系统无需开
展建收费站等施工工程，这不仅节省了人力成本也避免施工造成
的交通拥堵。通过GPS卫星定位技术，任何车辆的位置都可以立即
确定。
车辆在收费路段行驶时，其内置的接收机，即“车载单元”
（OBU）会通过短信服务（SMS）通知Toll Collect公司的中央办公
室。不用一秒钟，高技术的控制桥就可以查出车辆是否已付费。或
者，驾驶员可以在系统的终端或通过互联网进行手工付费。
借助GPS和车上的里程表及车速表，OBU可根据数字地图测出卡
contractors with responsibility for system construction, fixedline
infrastructure and programming; T-Mobile and Vodafone
are handling the GSM mobile communications section of
the project.
Unlike conventional approaches, the toll payment solution
developed by T-Systems requires no major construction work
such as toll plazas; reducing both personnel costs and traffic
jams. With GPS satellite technology, the position of any given
vehicle can be pinpointed instantly.
The built-in receiver called the On-Board Unit (OBU) informs
the Toll Collect central office via short message service (SMS)
when a truck is travelling on a toll road. Within a fraction of
a second, high-tech control bridges are able to verify whether
the truck actually pays the toll. Alternatively, truck drivers can
make manual payments at terminals and via the internet.
OBUs work, via GPS and the on-board odometer or
tachograph, as a back up to determine how far the lorries have
travelled by reference to a digital map and Global System for
Mobile Communications (GSM) to authorise the payment of
the toll via a wireless link.
To receive an OBU, drivers must first register their company
and vehicles with Toll Collect. They then receive a vehicle card
containing the most important data about each vehicle. With
this card, they can then schedule an appointment with an
authorised Toll Collect Service Partner to install the On-Board
Unit. Toll Collect provides the OBUs free of charge, but the
driver must cover the cost of installation.
Registered toll users are invoiced on a monthly basis.
车的行驶路程。OBU还通过全球通系统（GSM），借助无线连接进行
缴费。
要得到OBU，驾驶员必须在Toll Collect 公司注册其车辆或所在
公司的名称。注册后他们会收到一张汽车卡，上面记录了每辆车最重
要的信息。凭卡可通过预约在Toll Collect 公司的特约服务商那里
安装OBU。Toll Collect 免费提供OBU，但驾驶员须付安装费。
注册的收费系统用户每月会收到一张发票。他们可以选择通过邮
寄或电邮的PDF文件这两种形式接收发票。
到2006年4月，已有50多万辆卡车安装了OBU，其中约有32万2千
辆是德国卡车，约18万辆是在国外注册的卡车。
They can opt to receive this invoice by post or as a PDF file
by email.
By April 2006 over 500,000 OBUs had already been
installed in trucks; some 322,000 German trucks and 180,000
vehicles registered outside Germany are now equipped with
On-Board Units.
As a result of the high number of OBUs installed, the share
of log-ons in the automatic toll collection system has increased
from 72 per cent (January 2005) to 90 per cent (April 2006). The
share of manual logons via internet and toll station terminals
has continued to decline and currently
accounts for only around 10 per cent of
toll system logons.
To ensure that a second deadline
was met the automatic section of
the toll was activated in two stages;
software version 1.0, introduced in
January 2005 had a digital map of
the toll road network and the fee
parameters. The new updated version
2.0 introduced in January 2006, means
that the digital map and the fee tariffs
are constantly updatable. Siemens not
only supplies the OBUs but was also
given the responsibility as technical
project coordinators for the OBU version
2.0 software.
The first route update this year
included around 80 changes. The new
data was successfully transmitted to
the 500,000 operational OBUs entirely
by wireless mobile communications.
Enforcement of toll payments is
also a high priority of the project. To
a certain extent it relies on trust, but
in addition to 300 toll checker gantries
strategically located throughout
Germany, there are mobile patrols,
consisting of a fleet of 300 vehicles with
540 officers of the Federal Office of
Freight (BAG).
These officers patrol the autobahns,
checking vehicles and drivers to see if
they have paid the toll or have the OBU
installed. The mobile patrol vehicles are
equipped with an infrared Dedicated
Short Range Communications (DSRC)
system that can be used to scan and
monitor trucks in motion.
The 300 gantries on the autobahn
由于O B U的大量安装，在自动收费系统注册的卡车的比例由
7 2 %（2 0 0 5年1月）升至9 0 %（2 0 0 6年4月）。通过互联网和收
费站终端手动缴费的份额不断地下降，目前只占收费系统用户
的10%。
为了确保项目在第二个截止期内完成，收费系统的自动部分分两
个阶段实施；2005年1月发布的1.0版软件系统中引入了收费公路网的
数字地图和计费参数。2006年1月发布了新的2.0版，这意味着数字地
图和收费标准都是经常更新的。 西门子公司不仅提供OBU，而且还负
责OBU的2.0版软件的技术协作。
今年的首次道路更新包括80处变化。新数据成功地以无线移动通
信的方式完整地传递给50万台运行中的OBU。
新收费系统的另一个重点是强制缴费。从某种程度上说这要靠
自觉，然而除了300个遍布德国的固定收费检查站外，还有300余辆
移动式收费检查车和540名联邦货运局（BAG）的官员在执行检查
任务。
这些官员沿高速公路巡逻，检查司机是否缴纳养路费或车上是否
安装OBU。这些巡逻车上装备有红外专用短距通信（DSRC）系统，可
对移动中的卡车进行扫描和监控。
300多个固定检查站配备红外探测设备和高分辨率摄像头，通
过车辆的轮廓和车牌号对其进行识别。这些设备可向卡车上OBU的
are equipped with infrared detection equipment and highresolution
cameras able to pick out trucks via profiling and
record number plates. These send a DSRC signal to a DSRC
transponder, which is part of the OBU, in the lorry to check
on the accuracy of the GPS as a backup and also to alert BAG
officers to toll violations. The OBU will be able to work with the
new Galileo satellite system for positioning (fully operational in
2008) which is being developed in Europe as a more accurate
alternative to global positioning systems (GPS).
GPS is not 100 per cent accurate at pinpointing which road
a vehicle is on where two roads run side by side. Toll Collect’s
OBUs cope with this inaccuracy through an internal electronic
map, with each tolled route represented by a corridor dozens
of yards wider than the road itself. With roads that are parallel,
the OBU uses its record of the route taken so far to decide
which is being used. GPS is also not very good with elevated
roads and Toll Collect installed roadside radio beacons to deal
with that problem.
Günter Stamerjohanns, the managing director of
Galileo Industries, is full of praise and keen to work on the
project: “In my opinion, Toll Collect should be given a higher
profile, because this company can really get the ball rolling.
Germany has something to offer. This is a country that gets
things done.”
Vitronic of Wiesbaden, Germany, was given complete
responsibility for the enforcement of the tolling system and
provided the 300 gantries for the system. Their TollChecker
system includes a smart single gantry solution; international
License Plate Recognition (LPR) with a determination of the
country of origin; built-in expandability for plate recognition
beyond Europe; 3D classification that derives vehicle class from
a vehicle’s length, width, height, axles, presence of a trailer and
other valuable classification data; seamless integration with
GPS and DSRC tolling systems; set-up in four to six hours at
night, requiring just 15 minutes of total carriageway shutdown;
and free-flow operation, even at German autobahn speeds.
TollChecker plays a major part in enforcing the correct
payment of tolls. In operation since January 2005, it is by
far the largest enforcement system worldwide working in a
multi-lane free flow manner, that is, without disturbing the
flow of traffic, as with conventional toll plazas. It encompasses
300 gantries located throughout the network, 1,000 lanes of
enforced traffic, and fully automated enforcement of 1million
to 1.5 million foreign and domestic road users daily.
The toll gantries and BAG enforcement vehicles use a
multifunctional active infrared 1Mbit/sec DSRC system supplied
by Efkon of Austria, which has provided over 1m enforcement
devices for the system. The car systems will also include a
mobile office, payment terminals, copiers and scanners to
create court proof evidence of toll violations and one handheld
enforcement device per vehicle.
Efkon is also providing infrared multi-lane free flow
enforcement for 300 sites in busier locations such as border
crossings and roads leading into cities. These are designed for
vehicle speeds of up to 250km/hr. In addition, there will be 200
solar powered GPS-backup beacons for locations that cannot
DSRC转发器发送DSRC信号，对GPS的精确度进行验证，还可以在发生
违规行为时及时通知BAG的官员。OBU还支持伽利略（Galileo）卫星
定位系统（将于2008年正式投入使用），这是欧洲开发的一种更精确
的全球定位系统，用来代替GPS。
如果两条路靠的很近，GPS还不能百分之百地判断出车辆在其中
的哪条路上。Toll Collect公司的OBU应付这种非精确定位的办法是
采用内部专用的电子地图，在该地图上，每条收费公路代表的区域
比实际公路要宽出几十米。如果遇到几条路平行的情况，OBU根据记
录的已行驶路线来判断车辆占用的是哪条路。GPS在测量高架公路
时也不够精确，对此Toll Collect通过在道路两旁安装无线发射机来
解决。
伽利略公司的执行总裁Günter Stamerjohanns对新的定位系统赞
不绝口，并且迫不及待地要开展该项目：“我认为人们应该给予Toll
Collect更多的关注，因为他们是真正的开拓者。德国总能提供新的
东西，这是一个善于解决问题的国家。”
位于德国威斯巴登的Vitronic公司全权负责收费系统的实施
工作并为该系统提供了300个固定检查站。该公司的“收费检查”
（TollChecker）系统包括一个智能化独立检查站系统；国际车牌识
别（LPR）功能可确定车辆的国籍；内置的可扩展功能，可用于欧洲以外的车牌的识别；三维车辆分类系统可通过车辆的长、宽、高、车
轴数、有无拖车或其它有价值的车辆分类数据来确定车辆的级别；
可与GPS和DSRC收费系统无缝集成；夜间设置仅需4到6小时，或将车
道关闭15分钟；即使在德国的高速公路车速下，也能在保证车流自由
畅通。
TollChecker系统为确保正确收费起到重要作用。自从2005年投入
运行以来，该系统作为世界上最大的多车道自由流动方式，并没有像
传统的收费站那样影响车辆的正常行驶。该系统包括遍布整个道路网
的300个检查站，1000条受检查系统监控的车道，每天受其自动管理
的国内外卡车在100万到150万辆之间。
收费检查站和BAG强制巡逻车采用澳大利亚Efkon公司提供的带宽
为1兆字节/秒的主动DSRC系统，该公司为收费系统提供了100多万台
检查设备。巡逻车系统还 包括移动办公室、缴费终端、为违规行为
的庭审理提供证据的复印机和扫描仪等设备，每辆车还配有一台手持
式检查器。
Efkon还为300多处交通繁忙的路段，如通向城市的更宽的道路和
交叉口等提供多车道自由流动式红外线检查设备。这些设备能够检查
车速高达250公里/小时的车辆。此外，还将有200台太阳能的GPS后备
转发器，用于无法通过普通GPS进行收费的地点，如隧道出口或道路
施工现场等。
德国实施的这一系统为未来的扩张方案提供了许多可扩展的要
素。例如，其电子系统可以让政府根据其各自的特点以及当前的车流
情况进行收费。虽然这种系统目前仅用于对卡车收税，但经过扩展后
可按照不同的费率标准向所有车辆征费。这种费率可以按照车辆的种
类、驾驶时间和路段或目前的交通情况来确定。
德国的电子元件和模块提供商Unitronic公司在不同阶段对
系统集成商提供支持，以保证将来可以随时引进远程信息处理
（telematic）功能。
2006年2月，T-Mobile公司新成立了一家名为Satellic的公司，
旨在Toll Collect项目经验的基础上，开拓新的欧洲道路收费系统市
场。该公司目前运营着481000台OBU，拥有世界上最大的全球导航卫
星系统（GNSS）用户群。运营头一年共收取了230亿公里的费用—这
比世界上其它任何一个收费系统都大得多。
对德国政府来说，这意味着2005年从73万4千辆注册卡车中总共
收取了28.6亿欧元（223.7亿人民币）的养路费，这笔钱可以再次投
资于德国的高速公路。
be tolled by GPS, for example exits after tunnels and road
construction sites.
The German toll system incorporates many elements that
can be expanded at a future date. Its electronic systems, for
example, could allow the German government to charge
drivers according to individual characteristics and current
traffic conditions. Although at present it is only used to tax
trucks, it could potentially be expanded to charge all drivers
individual toll rates. This individual toll might depend on the
kind of car driven, when and where it is driven or the current
traffic situation, to name a few possibilities.
Unitronic, a German distributor of electronic components
and modules supported the system integrator at several stages
to ensure future readiness for potential telematic applications.
T-Mobile formed a new company Satellic in February 2006
to market the road-charging systems in Europe based on the
Toll Collect experience in Germany. The company operates
481,000 onboard units, making it the largest global navigation
satellite system (GNSS) user in the world. In the first year of
operation, 23bn kilometres were charged – far more than any
other road charging system anywhere in the world.
For the German government this means that EUR 2.86bn
(RMB 22.37bn) was collected from 734,000 registered
vehicles in 2005 – money that can be reinvested in
Germany’s motorways. n