六月我们迎来了儿童节，每个人都曾经拥有过的节日。而在童年的回忆中，色彩最为斑斓的莫过于那陪伴着我们长大的一部部经典动画。相信没有人不知道《葫芦娃》、《聪明的一休哥》、《黑猫警长》这些耳熟能详的名字。而这两年，世界都掀起了一股动画电影热，像《料理鼠王》、《怪物史莱克》、《冲浪企鹅》、《辛普森一家》、《变形金刚》等等，不仅仅是电影本身，甚至连带着周边产品在世界范围内走俏，那么这期我们就一起来看看那些著名的动画人和他们引以为傲的作品吧，相信你一定能在其中找到熟悉的身影。

Brief Introduction to Animation
动画的发展
Animation is the rapid display of a sequence of images of 2-D artwork or model positions in order to simulate movement. The most common method of presenting animation is as a motion picture or video program, although several other forms exist. A series of drawings are linked together and photographed by a camera. Each drawing is slightly different to the one before, so when they are played back in rapid succession they create the illusion of movement.
动画是连续快速播放多张2-D图像或者模拟场景从而让画面动起来。尽管还有其它的方式，但动画最常见的表现手法还是电影或者电视。用摄影机将一系列图片衔接拍摄下来。每一张图片和上一张仅有细微的差别，所以当它们快速连续播放时，就会让人们产生一种画面在动的错觉。

Pioneers of animation include Winsor McCay of the United States, and the Frenchmen Emile Cohl and Georges Melies. Some consider McCay's Sinking of the Lusitania from 1918 to be the first animated feature film.
动画的先驱者是美国的温瑟?麦凯以及法国的埃米尔?科尔和乔治?梅里叶。有人认为1918年麦凯的《露斯坦尼亚号之沉没》是世界上第一部动画电影。

Early animations, which started appearing before 1910, consisted of simple drawings photographed one at a time. The development of celluloid around 1913 made the animation process easier to manage, as the animator could now have moving characters on a single stationary frame, making it unnecessary to repeatedly draw the background over and over again.
1910年前的早期动画是将几张简单的图片在同一时间快速播放。到1913年，由于赛璐珞片的发展，影片的制作过程更容易操作，动画绘制者可以在一帧（一个静止的画面）内使角色动起来，而无需重复地画背景了。

Walt Disney took animation to a new level. He was the first animator to add sound to his movie cartoons with the premiere of Steamboat Willie in 1928. In 1937, he produced the first full length animated feature film, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs.
沃尔特?迪士尼将动画带入了一个新的境界。他在1928年的卡通片《汽船威利》中加入了声音，成为首位使卡通片有声的动画家。1937年，他制作了第一部真正的动画长片《白雪公主和七个小矮人》。

With the introduction of computers, animation took on a whole new meaning. Many feature films of today have animation incorporated into them for special effects. For example, the Star Wars series relies heavily on computer animation for many of its special effects. Toy Story, produced by Walt Disney Productions and Pixar Animation Studios, became the first full length feature film animated entirely by computer when it was released in 1995.
但电脑的出现赋予了动画全新的意义。如今很多动画片都利用电脑制作特效。比如：《星球大战》系列就运用了大量的电脑特效。1995年迪士尼公司和皮克斯公司制作的《玩具总动员》是第一部完全运用电脑技术制作的动画电影。
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Film animation电影动画
The history of film animation began in the 1890s with the earliest days of silent films. The first animated film was created by Charles-émile Reynaud, who developed an animation system using loops of 12 pictures. He later exhibited animations consisting of loops of about 500 frames.
动画电影的历史可以追溯到1890年的无声电影时代。查尔斯?埃米尔?雷诺制作了首部动画电影，他运用12张图片一个循环创造了动画系统。接着他又展示了运用500帧一循环的动画。

Films were almost 20 years old before the first pioneer efforts at animation were even attempted. French film producer George Méliés had used animation in his fantasy films as early as 1898, so the expertise was available, but economics prevailed over art. At the time, films were not rented to theaters. They were sold outright - the standard price being ten cents a foot. A 100-foot animated cartoon brought in the same $10 as a live-action film, but took a lot more time and money to produce.
电影的初次尝试要比动画早20年，法国电影制作人乔治?梅里叶早在1898年就在他的奇幻电影中尝试了动画，所以技术上已经具备，但经济上却受到限制。那时电影不在影院播放而是被完全出售——标准价格是一英尺十分。一百英尺的动画片和真人电影同样都是10美元，但是前者却要花费更多的时间和金钱。

J. Stuart Blackton, a vaudeville "lightning sketch" artist, was among the first American animators. The earliest surviving example of full animation is Blackton's Humorous Phases of Funny Faces, a three-minute film produced in 1906 in which the artist draws various faces on a blackboard, which then come to life. A man blows smoke from a cigar, faces draw and un-draw themselves, a clown does a few tricks and his dog jumps through hoops. Humorous Phases of Funny Faces was an interesting novelty, but failed to make a real impact on the industry.
布雷克顿，一个杂耍素描艺术家，是美国早期动画家之一。保留下来的早期完整作品是布雷克顿在1906年制作的三分钟动画短片《滑稽脸的幽默相》，其中，他在黑板上画了不同的脸使画面变“活”。一个男人吐着雪茄烟圈，脸部线条不断变化，出现又消失，一个小丑在变戏法，而他的狗在跳钢圈。《滑稽脸的幽默相》非常新奇有趣，但并没有对动画产生真正的影响。

Newspaper publishers, notably William Randolph Hearst, began making animated versions of the Sunday comics to promote circulation. At first animators used simple pen and ink drawings without backgrounds. No way had been discovered to include backgrounds unless they were individually drawn on each frame. And even if they were, like in Winsor Mclay's Gertie the Dinosaur, they shimmered on the screen due to tiny variations in each drawing.
著名的报纸出版商威廉?兰道夫?赫斯特开始在报纸上开设星期日动画专栏来促进销量。最初动画家只是简单的用钢笔和墨水画画，连背景都没有。除非在每个框架中分别画不然没有办法来容纳背景。尽管如此，像温瑟?麦凯的《恐龙葛蒂》也因为在绘画上的细微变化而获得成功。

Storylines were practically nonexistent. Animated cartoons were nothing more than a few sight gags strung together to make a two or three-minute film. When dialogue was needed, the animator simply drew a dialogue balloon as his newspaper counterpart did. The action would freeze for a moment until the audience had a chance to read the dialogue, then would continue.
故事情节几乎不存在。动画卡通只不过是把一些图片情景连在一起制作成两到三分钟的电影。如果需要对话，动画家会像报纸上那样简单地加上一些对话框。在播放的时候，动作会停住一会给观众阅读对话的时间，然后画面再继续。

At first the little cartoons were well received because they were a novelty, but audiences soon tired of them. Nickelodeon owners began using cartoons to clear the theater between performances, much like movies themselves had been used to clear vaudeville houses when audiences tired of the 30-second vignettes made for carnival peep show machines more than a decade earlier. Early animators like Barré, John Bray, Earl Hurd, Wallace Carlson, Leon Searl, and Walter Lantz, tried to make their animation smoother and more lifelike by increasing the quality and number of drawings.
最初这些小卡通漫画由于是新生事物而受到欢迎，但大众很快就感到厌倦。如同十多年前当观众对西洋镜30秒的虚像感到厌倦时而在杂耍中播放影片一样，娱乐场主开始在演出中间播放卡通片来清场，告诉观众们节目结束了。一些早期的动画家像巴瑞、约翰、厄尔、华莱士、里昂和沃尔特都试图通过提高质量和绘画的数量来使得自己的动画变得更流畅更逼真。

1922 was a pivotal year for animation. Cels were now being used by nearly everyone and animated cartoons were showing up frequently in film programs. The innovators were still at work. Tony Sarg and Herbert Dawley were reviving ancient "shadow plays," substituting rod puppets for animation. Not only that, they were adding color by tinting the film.
1992年是动画发展的关键年。现在几乎每一个人都使用赛璐珞片，而且动画卡通也经常在电影节目中出现。创新者前赴后继。托尼?萨格和赫伯?杜立将古老的“影子戏”复兴，取代了动画中的木偶，不仅如此，他们还通过给胶片渲染为动画加上颜色。

At the same time, a new star was rising in the firmament. In Kansas City, Missouri, a young commercial artist was fiddling with animation. His first movies were short advertising films for local businesses, called Laugh-O-Grams. Then he had an idea. Why not combine live action with animation? Together with his friend Ub Iwerks, the two youngsters began production of the Alice and Cartoonland films in which a live girl romps with her animated friends. Alice was only the beginning for Walt Disney. Because of his innovations in the coming years, animated cartoons would never be the same again.
同时一颗新星冉冉升起。在密苏里州的堪萨斯城，一个年轻的艺术家投身于动画。他的第一部电影是宣传当地商业的广告，叫做《小欢乐》。接着他萌生了一个想法，为什么不将动画和真人结合在一起？于是他和朋友乌伯?伊瓦克斯一起开始制作第一部电影《爱丽丝在卡通国》：讲述了一个小女孩和她的卡通朋友的经历。爱丽丝是沃尔特?迪士尼的开始。因为他在未来日子里的不断创新，动画卡通变得意义非凡。

Disney's Snow White is often considered to be the first animated feature film, when in fact at least eight were previously released (the first animated feature film was El Apóstol, made in 1917). Nevertheless, it was the first to both use Technicolor and become successful within the English-speaking world.
迪士尼的《白雪公主》被认为是第一部动画长篇电影，实际上在这之前已经发行了8部电影（第一部动画电影是1917年的《El Apóstol》）。尽管如此，这还是第一部使用染印法彩色技术的电影，并且在西方国家获得巨大成功。

The first Japanese animation was the propaganda film Momotaro's Divine Sea Warriors by the Japanese director Mitsuyo Seo. The film, shown in 1945, was ordered to be made to support the war by the Japanese Naval Ministry. Originally thought to have been destroyed during the American occupation, a negative copy survived and the film is now available in Japan.
第一部日本动画是由日本导演Mitsuyo Seo制作的鼓吹军国主义的电影《桃太郎的海上神兵》。这部影片是为日本海军而作，于1945年上映。影片在日本被美国占领的时候被损坏了，但底片保留了下来，现仍保存在日本。

Film Animation in Different Areas动画在不同地区的发展

Western Countries西方国家

Walter Elias Disney沃尔特?迪士尼
Walter Elias Disney was a multiple Academy Award-winning American film producer, director, screenwriter, voice actor, animator, entrepreneur, and philanthropist. He is notable as one of the most influential and innovative figures in the field of entertainment during the twentieth century.
沃尔特?迪士尼是一个多次摘取奥斯卡奖的美国电影制片人、导演、编剧、配音大师、动画家、企业家以及慈善家。他是二十世纪娱乐圈里最具有影响力和创新意识的人物之一。

Disney is particularly noted for being a film producer and a popular showman, as well as an innovator in animation and theme park design. He received 59 Academy Award nominations, including a record four in one year, seven Emmy Awards, and holds the record for most awards and nominations. Disney and his staff created a number of the world's most famous fictional characters, including the one many consider Disney's alter ego, Mickey Mouse. He is the namesake for Disneyland and Walt Disney World Resort theme parks in the United States, France, Japan and China.
迪士尼是一个极为出色的电影制片人和编剧，也是一名动画以及主题公园设计的革新者。他获得过59次奥斯卡提名（其中有一项记录是一年获得四次）和7次艾美奖，保持了个人获得最多奖项以及最多提名的世界纪录。迪士尼和他的员工们创造了世界上最著名的虚构卡通人物，包括被看作是另一个迪士尼的米老鼠。同时在美国、法国、日本和中国的迪士尼乐园以及沃尔特?迪士尼世界主题公园也以他的名字命名。